4. The quarries in the Franklin Marble 161

General observations 161

Quarries in the Franklin-Sterling Hill Area 161

Furnace Quarry 161

Fowler Quarry 163

Franklin Quarry 163

Franklin Iron Company Quarry 165

Sussex Calcite Company Quarry 165

Search's gravel pit 166

Other quarries 166

Quarries outside the Franklin-Sterling Hill Area 166

Lime Crest Quarry 166

Bodnar Quarries 167

The Quarry 167

RAIA Quarry 169

McAfee Quarry 169

 

5. Major zinc-mining companies in the Franklin-Sterling Hill area 171

The Passaic Zinc Company 171

The Lehigh Zinc and Iron Company, Limited 171

The New Jersey Zinc Company and its miners 172

Historical notes 172

The human side 172

The miners 174

The corporation 180

Palmerton 182

Depositions 184

 

6. Beneficiation of the zinc ores 185

Early developments 185

The period of inventions 186

The Wetherill furnace and zinc oxide 186

The Wetherill magnetic separator 188

The mills 188

The mills at Franklin 188

The mills at Sterling Hill 203

The Mine Hill Railroad 205

Shipment 207

Smelters 209

Jersey City 209

Newark 210

Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 210

Palmerton, Pennsylvania 211

The lead problem 211

Production 213

Exports 213

Products made from the zinc ores 214

Zinc-based paint 214

Spelter (zinc metal) 215

Spiegeleisen 216

Other products 216

 

7. Cultural aspects of Franklin and Sterling Hill 217

Men of distinction 217

Lawson H. Bauer 218

John L. Baum 220

Robert M. Catlin 220

Samuel Fowler 221

Clifford Frondel 222

Charles Palache 222

George Rowe 223

The mineral collector 224

Mineral collections 225

Local institutions 229

The Franklin Mineral Museum 229

The Franklin-Ogdensburg Mineralogical Society 229

The Sterling Hill Mining Museum 230

The Franklin-Sterling Gem and Mineral Show 230

The specimen base 230

 

8. Regional and local geology of the Franklin-Sterling Hill area 235

General discussion 235

Regional geology 239

Local geology 241

General relations 241

The Precambrian 241

Metamorphism: extent, age, temperatures, and pressures 241

The great unconformity and the Cambrian and later rocks 242

Surficial geology 242

Structure 243

Major formations and rock units 243

Kittatinny Limestone 244

Hardyston Quartzite 244

Cork Hill Gneiss 244

Wildcat Marble 244

Median Gneiss 244

Pegmatite 244

Franklin Marble 245

Early work 245

Nomenclature 245

Description and mineralogy 245

The local magnetite deposits 247

The Furnace Magnetite Bed 247

The marble-hosted intermediate deposits 247

The magnetite deposits on Balls Hill 249

 

9. The geology and structure of the zinc deposits 251

General comments 251

The Franklin zinc deposit 251

Historical observations 251

General geologic relations 253

Dikes 253

Pegmatites 255

Potassic pegmatites 255

Contact relations for potassic pegmatites 256

Sodic pegmatites 257

Designations on mine maps 257

External morphology of the Franklin orebody 258

Dimensions 259

Internal structure and composition 259

Structure 259

The zinc ore units 260

The calcium silicate units 262

The Sterling Hill zinc deposit 263

Historical observations 263

General geologic relations 263

External morphology 264

General configuration 264

The keel 264

The east limb 264

The west limb 264

The cross-member 266

Dimensions 266

Internal structure 266

General relations 266

Faulting 267

The sinking hypothesis 267

Internal zoning 268

Outer zincite zone 268

Central zincite zone 268

Black willemite zone 268

Brown willemite zone 269

Pyroxene zones 269

Franklinite zone 269

Gneiss zone 269

Special features 269

Rubble breccia 269

Saprolite - the mud zone 269

Saprolite - the Sterling depression 271

Comparisons of the Franklin and Sterling Hill deposits 271

Similarities 271

Differences 271

Relations to nearby formations 272

Physical linkage hypotheses 272

The Langban Mine near Filipstad, Sweden 272

The origins of the deposits 273

Introduction 273

Theories of origin 274

Early observations and hypotheses 274

Recent studies 276

Models of the ore deposits 278

 

10. Geochemistry 279

General relations 279

Minor and trace elements 280

Host minerals for the elements 280

 

11. Fluorescence of minerals in ultraviolet 285

History and introduction 285

Uses in geology, mining, and milling 285

The literature of fluorescence 286

Influence of fluorescence on collectors and the general public 287

General discussion 288

Lists of fluorescent minerals 288

 

12. The mineral assemblages 291

The ore minerals 291

General relations and mineralogy 291

Textural aspects 293

Alterations and replacements 296

Silicates in ore 297

The calcium silicate minerals 300

General relations and mineralogy 300

Textural aspects 302

Alterations and replacements 305

Recrystallization of minerals 307

The "Parker-Shaft minerals" 308

The Trotter Shaft minerals 309

The "north orebody" at Sterling Hill 309

Giant crystals 310

Special features 310

Hydrothermal vein minerals 310

Exsolution mineral textures 314

Weathered and oxidized minerals 315

Post-mining minerals 315

Special chemically-distinct mineral groups 316

Manganese arsenates 316

Lead silicates 316

Nickel arsenides 316

Manganese arsenosilicates 316

Special mineral assemblages 316

Assemblages from the ore units 317

Assemblages from the calcium silicate units 317

Assemblages from veins 319

Assemblages from weathering or alteration environments 319

Assemblage from an anomalous geologic niche 319

 

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